|   repurposed 
      Steven Holtzman (1997) 
        used the term “repurposing” to describe approaching new media 
        via established ways of thinking. Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin 
        (1999) offered the corollary concept of remediation, “the representation 
        of one medium in another” (p. 45). Long before Holtzman or Bolter 
        and Grusin, Marshal McLuhan (1964) tapped into the idea that the initial 
        content for any new medium is always borrowed from an older, established 
        medium. 
      
       
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