As we should expect, not every hypertext theorist espouses these modernist views. J. Yellowlees Douglas, for instance, characterizes Lanham a “technological determinist” for his claim that hypertext is “inherently democratic” (“Nature” 326). Douglas argues that “hypertext is not inherently democratic or liberating or egalitarian any more than it is implicitly more limiting, more authoritarian than print” (End of Books 147). Despite the ideological seductiveness, from a democratic or oppositional perspective, of the notion of the hypertext reader wresting control away from a culturally privileged, often white male, author, hypertext readers rarely have the same control over a text as an author does. It is not uncommon for a hypertext author to contrive to frustrate readers and limit the ways in which a text may be read; that is to say, a hypertext author can be every bit as dominating or controlling as the author of conventional print text.