W O R K S  C I T E D

caption: “XXVI, 58-63 (original page: 53.5 x 60.5cm) in Maghribi on vellum, 6th/12th century, probably Spain. (Istanbul, Turkish, and Islamic Museum, 360)”

Jakuchu: “The Transcendent Gama,” 1760s
from Hickman, Money L. and Yasuhiro Sato. The Paintings of Jakuchu. New York: The Asia Society Galleries, 1989.

Gama was one of the “immortals or transcendents” who “had their genesis in the popular religious beliefs of Taoist origin that evolved in China in early times..... Gama-sennin...was celebrated for his many miraculous abilities, one of which involved his constant companion, a strange, three-legged toad, who followed his commands” (148). The scroll shows the toad standing on Gama’s head.

Easter Island script from from Nakanishi, Akira. Writing Systems of the World: Alphabets, Syllabaries, Pictograms. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle, 1980.

“....a strange type, which has only been used for the Rongo-rongo script of Easter Island. Though the directions of the lines alternate from right to left ...each letter of the line read from the right is upside down rather than a mirror image. A reader of a Rongo-rongo document must have had to turn the wodden tablet on which Rongo-rongo was carved whenever he moved from one line to the next” (114).

Bang, Molly. Picture This: Perception & Composition. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1991.

Bringhurst, Robert. The Elements of Typographic Style. Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 1992.

Chartier, Roger. The Order of Books. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994.

Classen, Constance. Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures. London: Routledge, 1993.

Drucker, Joanna. The Visible Word: Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909-1923. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.

Gill, Eric. An Essay on Typography. Boston: David R. Godine, 1988 (1936).

Illich, Ivan, and Barry Sanders. ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind. New York: Vintage Books, 1988.

Jay, Martin. Downcast Eyes: The Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

King, Mark B. “Hearing the Echoes of Verbal Art in Mixtec Writing.” Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Eds. Elizabeth Hill Boone and Walter D. Mignolo. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994. (102-136)

Kinross, Robin. “The Rhetoric of Neutrality.” Design Issues II.2 (18-30)

Kress, Gunther, and Theo van Leeuwen. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge, 1996.

Lanham, Richard. The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Lavin, Maud. “Photomontage, Mass Culture, and Modernity.” Montage and Modern Life, 1919-1942. Matthew Teitelbaum, ed. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992. (36-59)

McLuhan, Marshall. The Gutenberg Galaxy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.

Mignolo, Walter D. “Literacy and the Colonization of Memory: Writing Histories of People without History.” Literacy: Interdisciplinary Conversations. Deborah Keller-Cohen, Ed. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1994.

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Routledge, 1982.

Smith, Keith A. Text in the Book Format. Rochester: Keith A. Smith Books, 1989.

Stewart, Susan. Crimes of Writing: Problems in the Containment of Representation. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994.

Tschichold, Jan. The New Typography: A Handbook for Modern Designers. Trans. Ruari McLean. Berkeley: University of Californis Press, 1995.

Warde, Beatrice. The Crystal Goblet: Sixteen Essays on Typography. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company,1956.

Wilson, Adrian. The Design of Books. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.